16.3

Learning Overview
Add text about the unit here. Use the specification for basic outline. toc

16.4
Replace the question marks with the unit number Pass criteria take from Unit Overview. This is in Heading 2. (On some occasions there will be more than one pass criteria. See 16.1)

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Group Processes

 * Groups and Team Cohesion**

Before we can discuss teamwork, we must first define a team or group.

Q How many people make a group? 1? 2? 3? More than 3?


 * A group is** //‘a collective identity, a sense of shared purpose or objectives, structured patterns of interaction, structured modes of communication, personal and / or task interdependence and interpersonal attraction,’ (Carron, 1980).//

In sport, groups are teams. In sport, teams can be a group players, or individuals who contribute towards a team outcome or 'shared purpose.'

Lets try a little harder to define a team. What do all teams share?

Q How would I identify with your team?
 * Collective identity** – England Rugby team, a national or club badge, playing and training kit.

Q What are your teams aims this season? From here until the end of the season?
 * Shared purpose** – Win the Championship for example.


 * Structured patterns of interaction** – Team tactics and systems of play and set pieces for example. Perhaps the best example I can offer is the Red Arrows or syncronised sports such as diving and swimming.

Q Where do your team players have structured patterns of interaction?

Q How does your coach / captain communicate with you?
 * Communication** – Team meetings, contract negotiations and language for example.


 * Personal AND / OR Task interdependence –** The manager picks the team. The players work together to win or lose the game.

What about riding a tandem? Or the Red Arrows display team?
 * Free kick taker - Personal task || The team that forms the wall - Task interdependence. ||



Q What are your roles within the team? Are they personal or task dependent?

Q Do team mates have to like one another?
 * Interpersonal attraction –** The degree to which the members of the team like one another.

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 * 1) Try and create your own slide show.
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 * 3) Find, save and upload your photographs.
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Teamwork or death?
Q What on earth does group cohesion have to do with Maximus Decimus Meridius? //‘Are you not entertained?’//

Re-write the ‘group’ definition so that you understand it.

//‘On this day we reach back to hallowed antiquity to bring you a recreation of a second Fall of Mighty// //Carthage. On the barren straits of// //Zama, there stood the invincible armies of the Barbarian// //Hannibal. Ferocious mercenaries and warriors from all brute nations bent on merciless destruction conquest. Your Emperor is pleased to give you the Barbarian Horde!’//


 * Collective identity:**

Q What do all the gladiators have in common? How can you tell the two groups apart?


 * //‘When the Emperor enters, raise your weapons, salute him and then speak together. Face the Emperor and don't turn your back on him. __Go and die with honour.__’//**

//‘Whatever comes out of these gates, we have got a better chance of survival if we work together. Do you understand? If we stay together, **we survive!**’//
 * Shared purpose:**

Q What group tactics do the slave gladiators employ to survive? Q What happens to those gladiators who fail to stay together?
 * Structured patterns of interaction:**

//What do theses terms mean? ‘Hold ... Diamond! Diamond!’ ‘Single column!’// If you are unsure, who do they mean to the soldiers?
 * Communication**

Q Does Maximus ever fulfil a solitary role?
 * Personal interdependence AND / OR Task interdependence:**


 * Interpersonal attraction –** The degree to which the members of the team like one another. Can you provide evidence for interpersonal attraction?

Groups or teams; stages of group development (forming, storming, norming and performing)

Steiner’s model of group effectiveness

Ringelmann effect, social loafing; interactive and coactive groups

Cohesion
//‘Teamwork isn’t simple. In fact, it can be frustrating, decisive commodity. That’s why there’s so many bad teams out there, stuck in neutral or going down hill. Teamwork doesn’t thrive just because of the presence of talent or ambition. It doesn’t flourish because the team has tasted success.’ Pat Riley//


 * Group cohesion** then, is ‘the //dynamic process// that is reflected in the tendency for a group to stick together and remain united in the pursuits of its instrumental objectives and/or for the satisfaction of member affective needs,’ (Carron, Brawley, Widmeyer, 1998).

More simply, **cohesion** is the motivational aspects of a group which //attract// individual members to the group and the resistance of those members to //breaking up//.

//‘What is decisive in critical situations is the atmosphere in the squad. A good atmosphere is not something that can be built up in a short time. It takes work and patience.’ Sven Goran Eriksonn//


 * Team Task:**

Think of a team with strong cohesion?

Q What //attracts// players to that group or club? Or resistances to breaking up? (Interpersonal attraction? / Shared Purpose?)

Q What reasons are there to leave a football club? Who said it? What as the outcome?

//‘The players have been asked questions and they are just not coming up with the answers. I am sick of having to say it and they are sick of listening to me…. When they sign the contracts, they think they have made it. They owe it to the manager, the staff and the fans.’//

//'Whilst it is a sad day for me to leave such a great club and manager I believe that the time has now come for me to move on.’//

Assessing Teamwork or Cohesion
//‘The difference between mediocrity and greatness is the feeling players have for each other. Most people call it team spirit. When a team is inspired with that special feeling, you know you’ve got a winning team.’ Vince Lombardi//

Undoubtedly the most successful teams play as a cohesive unit, but not all. //‘Mutual appreciation and trust does not require close friendship.’// However, the nature of football almost always requires players to interact for the team to be successful but there are rare occasions where dysfunctional teams experience success. There is objective evidence to support the need for cohesion in team games and it has been proven that:


 * Actual Productivity = Potential Productivity – Faulty Processes**

Actual Productivity: refers to the output in the game situation.

Actual productivity CAN NEVER be higher than potential productivity.

At the professional level the score is the most important factor but it often does not tell the whole story. Statistics are frequently used to assess actual productivity.

Taunton's College 2 Totton College 0

Give **TWO** further actual productivity statistics.

Potential Productivity: refers to the output, which would be possible from the team if each player __performed to their maximum potential__ on the day.

Consider Potential productivity to be **FIXED** at the start of the game.

//‘We can say though, it is not enough to simply take the best players in the belief that they will produce the best team.’ Sven Goran Eriksonn.//

Over the past few seasons Real Madrid has assembled a galaxy of stars, hence the nickname ‘Los Galacticos.’ Since the year 2000 they added a host of stars Van Nistelrooy**,** Robinho, Figo, Zidane, Ronaldo, Beckham and Owen (if temporarily) to play alongside Raul, Carlos and Casillas. So, with all these superstars in their squad, if every player **played to their potential** where should they finish in La Liga each year?

If you take the 2003-4 season in particular, Real Madrid lost their last five matches to end the season without a trophy for the first time in five years, Real Madrid severely under achieved.

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definition; task and social cohesion; creating an effective team climate; factors affecting cohesion, eg environmental, personal, leadership and team factors; relationship between cohesion and performance

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Leadership
Qualities; behaviour; prescribed versus emergent leaders; theories of leadership, eg trait approach, behavioural approach, interactional approach, multidimensional model; styles (autocratic, democratic, consultative, group style)

??.1 Student Tips
Students please add your feedback here. Where did you get good information?

??.1 Signposted Resources

 * **Hard Copy** ||  || eg BTEC textbook EPI questionnaire. ||   || eg BBC Horizon - The England Patient. ||


 * M. Unit Criteria from the specification |||| D Criteria from the specification ||

Activities or suggested learning activities to help the learner work towards the higher grades.